What were the religious beliefs of Mark Twain? Was he an atheist? Deist? Something else entirely? More broadly, what was the status of atheism and deism during twain's time?

So I've come across a number of interesting quotes from Twain over the years.

Stuff like "the best cure for Christianity is reading the bible"

And he had some .... thoughts on Mormons.

That got me thinking: what did twain actually believe? He seems to have had some strong anti-christain views, but idk if atheism was prominent in the late 19th century

I know that deism was very common in the 18th century and the closest you really got to atheist at the time. So was that still the status quo for skeptics of Christianity?

More broadly, where would these sort of more skeptical or critical viewpoints of Christianity lie?

Cause I thought outright atheism was a much more recent phenomenon, it was very big with the rise of "new atheism" in the early 2000s, but I'm not sure it's status in the us before that.

So yeah, where would skeptics of religion lie on the spectrum of beliefs during Twain's time?